A study of cholinergic and β‐adrenergic components in the regulation of blood flow in the tooth pulp and gingiva in man

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Abstract
In 10 subjects, laser Doppler flowmetry was used to study whether cholinergic or beta-adrenergic pathways are involved in the control of tooth pulp blood flow (PBF) in response to isometric hand grip and the cold pressor test. We also examined if differences exist between the regulation of blood flow in the tooth pulp and the nearby gingiva (GBF). Isometric hand grip (35% of maximum force, 2 min) and the subsequent ischaemia (2 min) induced a brief rise in PBF and a more long-lasting rise in GBF. Atropine increased heart rate about by 40% and changed the pulpal response to a fall in flow, without altering gingival flow. Propranolol, causing a 20% reduction in heart rate, had no effect on either flow during the actual test, but induced a rise in GBF after the ischaemic period. The cold pressor test (2 min at 0.5 degrees C) resulted in a reduction in PBF and GBF, unaffected by the blocking drugs. With atropine, however, PBF increased immediately after this test. The relative changes in arterial pressure and heart rate were unaffected by the drugs. Our study has demonstrated the existence of cholinergic nervous vasodilation in vessels serving the tooth pulp. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic mechanisms probably contribute to the evoked rise in GBF during exercise. Beta-adrenoceptors are involved in the control of GBF immediately after isometric exercise. While the two tests under control conditions evoked mostly parallel changes in PBF and GBF, the use of blocking agents showed that blood flow is controlled by different mechanisms in the two adjacent vascular beds.