Retinoic acid inhibits sodium butyrate-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells while synergistically inducing granulocytoid differentiation

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Abstract
The human myeloid leukemia cell line HL60 is an in vitro model to study myeloid differentiation. HL60 cells differentiate along different cell type lineages in response to a variety of compounds. The direction of differentiation is usually inducer-specific. However, the response of HL60 cells to sodium n-butyrate (NaB) is pleiotropic. NaB induces HL60 along the monocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic pathways. In this study we saw that physiologic concentrations of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) switched the direction of NaB-induced differentiation from monocytic to granulocytic. We showed previously (Breitman & He, Cancer Res 1990: 50: 6268-6273) that combinations of RA and NaB synergistically induce HL60 to cells that reduce nitroblue tetrazolium. The present study shows that this synergy was even greater if the parameter measured was mature granulocytes. Our results raise the possibility that the endogenous RA in the serum used to grow cells in culture may affect the direction of differentiation of HL60 cells induced by NaB. Furthermore, our results may provide additional rationale for the use of combinations of RA and NaB in the treatment of some leukemias.