A new analysis of fatigue under combined bending and twisting

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Abstract
Most service failures in fatigue start on a free surface, as in many cases the most severe stress conditions exist there and are of a bi-axial stress nature, such as a drive shaft under combined bending and twisting. This particular case of multi-axial stress fatigue, because of its importance in design, has seen considerable investigation, although several aspects of the stress situation complicate the analysis of the test results with regard to the development of a general criterion of fatigue failure under multi-axial stress. The principal stress axes rotate with variations in the ratio of bending to twisting and the shaft is subjected to a stress gradient. Only the extreme portions of the shaft in the plane of bending are under the maximum bending stress, whereas the complete surface of the shaft is subjected to the maximum torsion stress.

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