Percutaneous gallbladder puncture and cholecystostomy: results, complications, and caveats for safety.

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Abstract
The authors describe the technical results in 127 patients who underwent diagnostic gallbladder puncture and percutaneous cholecystostomy. The procedures were performed for a variety of indications including treatment of acute calculous or acalculous cholecystitis, drainage of obstructive jaundice or gallbladder perforation, percutaneous removal or dissolution of gallstones, diagnostic cholecystocholangiography, and gallbladder biopsy. Successful completion of the intended procedure was achieved in 125 of 127 patients (98.4%). Major complications occurred in 11 patients (8.7%); these included bile peritonitis, bleeding, vagal reactions, hypotension, catheter dislodgement, and acute respiratory distress. Minor complications were noted in five patients (3.9%). The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1% (four patients); the deaths were due to the underlying diseases. The data help support percutaneous cholecystostomy as a primary interventional radiologic procedure that has an extremely high likelihood of technical success. Recommendations to minimize or avoid complications are presented.

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