Developing Flanagan's critical incident technique to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing care from patients and their nurses

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Abstract
This paper discusses a development of Flanagan's critical incident technique (CIT) to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing from patients and their nurses on medical, surgical and elderly care wards Stages in undertaking the CIT are identified and presuppositions held by most researchers about the nature of the technique are identified The paper describes how the authors moved to a different set of presuppositions during the course of the study Preliminary analysis of interview transcripts revealed that critical incidents need not always be demarcated scenes with a clear beginning and end, but may arise from respondents summarizing their overall experience within their description of one incident Characteristically respondents were unable to give a detailed account of such incidents but validity may be established by the fact that respondents appear to recount what actually happened as they saw it, and what they said was clearly important to them The researchers found that the most appropriate basic unit of analysis was not the incident itself but happenings’ revealed by incidents that are‘critical’ by virtue of being important to respondents with respect to the quality of nursing care The importance of CIT researchers achieving an understanding of the‘meaning’ of critical happenings to respondents is emphasized Analysis of the interview transcripts is facilitated by the use of INGRES, a relational database computer program which should enable a‘personal