Mutual Intentionality: A Theory of Support Processes in Pregnant African American Women

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Abstract
The grounded theory study described in this article explored social support processes in low-income African American women during high-risk pregnancy and early parenthood. Participants included 10 pregnant African American women, 3 close support providers, and 11 health care providers. Investigators served as participant observers and conducted audiotaped interviews. The substantive theory of support that emerged from the data was labeled “mutual intentionality.” This term described the active role that both pregnant woman and support givers played in the helping process. The phrase “being there” summarized the women’s definition of support, implying that the support giver was available and willing to provide help when needed. Support was further described as “caring,”“respecting,”“sharing information” with, “knowing,”“believing in,” and “doing for” the other. For support to happen, mutuality must be established within the relationship, and both support giver and recipient intentionally aim to meet the recipient’s identified needs.