Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of uranium in mice following subcutaneous administration of uranyl acetate

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Abstract
The effects of multiple maternal subcutaneous injections of uranyl acetate dihydrate (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/d) from d 6 to d 15 of gestation were evaluated in Swiss mice. External, internal soft-tissue and skeletal examinations of fetuses were performed on gestation d 18. Maternal toxicity occurred in all uranium-treated groups as evidenced primarily by deaths as well as significant decreases in weight gain and in body weight at termination. Although it was not dose-related, embryotoxicity also occurred in all uranium-treated groups (significant increases in the number of nonviable implantations and in the percentage of postimplantation loss). Fetal body weight was significantly decreased at 1 and 2 mg/kg/d, whereas the number of total internal and total skeletal defects showed dose-dependent increases at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/d. Most morphological defects were developmental variations, whereas malformations were only detected at 1 and 2 mg/kg/d. On the basis of these data, both the maternal no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the NOAEL for embryotoxicity of uranyl acetate dihydrate were below 0.5 mg/kg/d, whereas the NOAEL for teratogenicity was 0.5 mg/kg/d.