Effects of Gallium and Mercury Ions on Transport Systems

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Abstract
Mercury was previously shown to exert toxic effects by influencing ion channels and transporters in the kidney and brain. Gallium alloys were suggested as less toxic restorative materials. To compare the toxicity of gallium ions with those of mercury ions, we applied gallium nitrate Ga(NO3)3(0.1-100 μM and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (0.001-10 μM) to Xenopus oocytes expressing mammalian ion channels and transport proteins. Mercury (10 μM) inhibited the K+-channels ROMK and HERG, the phosphate transporter NaPi-3, the amino acid transporter rBAT, the cation transporter OCT-2, and the osmolyte transporter BGT. It activated the IKschannel but did not affect the Na+-channel ENaC, the anion channel NaPi-1, and the glucose transporter SGLT-1. Gallium was without significant effect on the channels and on SGLT1, NaPi-3, and rBAT, but inhibited BGT and OCT-2. In conclusion, both Hg2+and Ga3+may exert toxic effects on transport systems, which may partially explain their cytotoxic effects.