On the Evolution of Elongate Ocular Peduncles by the Brachyura

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Abstract
Elongate ocular peduncles have been independently evolved by many non-predatory, burrowing crabs. It is suggested that the burrowing habits of these crabs have provided the selective pressures for the evolution of these structures, primarily in the avoidance of predation whilst feeding on the surface. The development of elongate peduncles has necessitated structural modifications of the anterior carapace; in portunids these modifications are mainly of the anterolateral carapace margins, whilst in ocypodids and goneplacids they are mainly of the front.

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