The question of “preneoplastic” lesions

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Abstract
Hyperplastic nodules developing in the liver and the mammary gland have been frequently associated with the appearance of neoplasia in these tissues. The question whether hyperplastic nodules, a benign lesion as such, may indeed progress into neoplasia is not yet settled. Evidence supporting the designation of hyperplastic alveolar nodules as ‘preneoplastic’ in the carcinogenesis of the mammary gland as well as those refuting it is presented. We suggest three possible ways the normal mammary cells undergo changes after exposure to a carcinogenic agent.