The Efficacy of Africa's National Parks: An Evaluation of Julius Nyerere's Arusha Manifesto of 1961

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Abstract
In the Arusha Manifesto of 1961, Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere recognized Africa's wildlife and consequently its parks as the rightful heritage of all humankind and pledged the new African states to manage these resources accordingly. Since their independence, the African states have dedicated considerable land to national parks; failure to develop robust economies has resulted in insufficient management of the parks, however. Africans and Westerners regard national parks in different ways, and the growing management dilemma for the parks is exacerbating these differences. Of particular concern are differences in expectations for the role of national parks in economic development and differences in perceptions of the seriousness of intrusions into national parks. The failure of African nations to develop economically suggests the need for greater Western financial support of Africa's national parks if the promise of the Arusha Manifesto is to be kept.

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