Issues of Validity for Criterion-Referenced Measures

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Abstract
It has sometimes been assumed that validity of criterion-referenced tests is guaranteed by the de finition of the domain and the process used to gen erate items. These are important considerations for content validity. It is argued that the proper focus for content validity is on the items of a test rather than on examinee responses to those items. Content validity is important for criterion-referenced mea sures, but it is not sufficient. This claim is dis cussed and the case is made that interpretations and uses of criterion-referenced tests require sup port of other kinds of evidence and logical analysis. The inferences that are made should dictate the kinds of evidence and logical arguments that are needed to support claims of validity. Illustrations of aspects of the validation process are provided in two concrete examples.