Anaphylactic sensitization to aeroantigen during respiratory virus infection

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Abstract
Background Virus infections frequently exacerbate asthma, and in some cases may even precipitate its onset. Although this association is well known, experimental investigation has been hampered by the lack of adequate models. Objective The effects of acute respiratory virus infection on sensitization to aereoallergen were investigated in this study. Methods Nebulized ovalbumin was used as an aeroantigen in normal mice, and in those infected with respiratory syncytial virus or influenza A. Results Both viruses caused transient illness. Ovalbumin inhalation did not induce specific serum antibodies unless the mice were infected at the time of nebulization. In exposed uninfected mice cutaneous challenge with ovalbumin caused no response, but caused acute systemic illness and collapse if previous pulmonary exposure had occurred during respiratory infection. Mice that collapsed in response to cutaneous ovalbumin were found to have IgG1 specific to ovalbumin that was not found in the other mice. Intracellular cytokine staining of splenocyte cultures showed ovalbumin‐specific production of IL‐4 was enhanced by virus infection during exposure. In CD8+ T cells, ovalbumin‐specific interferon‐γ production was also enhanced by co‐infection with influenza. Both viruses were equally associated with the induction of anaphylaxis. Conclusion These results show that infection with respiratory viruses powerfully augments cellular and humoral immune responses to aeroantigen and provide an experimental model that allows such effects to be investigated.