Freeze substitution for preservation of ciliated surfaces for scanning electron microscopy

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Abstract
A technique is described for arresting rapid movement of living cells and preserving their fine surface structures for scanning electron microscopy. Rapid freezing is recommended as the method of immobilization and freeze substitution has been employed to fix and dehydrate the specimens; this technique is more reliable than osmium fixation, both in terms of obtaining a much higher proportion of good results and in the improved preservation of detail. Various techniques of substitution have been investigated for best preservation, and the roles of the constituents of the substitution mixture have been discussed.