Ureteral Ectopia in the Female

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Abstract
A HISTORY of urinary incontinence since infancy, associated with otherwise normal micturition, suggests ureteral ectopia. The ectopic orifice is usually in the midline just posterior to the urethral orifice (Fig. 1). Less commonly it opens into the upper vagina, the cervix or the uterus. The orifice may be obscured by local inflammatory reaction, and its identification and catheterization require anesthesia. The ectopic ureter, which nearly always originates from a duplicated upper renal segment, is often dilated as the result of cicatricial stenosis of the exposed ureteral orifice. The tissue of the anomalous renal segment may be hypoplastic, or it may . . .