Electromagnetic lower hybrid waves in the solar wind

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Abstract
An analysis of electromagnetic lower hybrid waves or hybrid whistlers that propagate nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field lines in the solar wind is described. Doppler‐shifted, these waves have a broadband nature when observed in the spacecraft frame depending on the direction of propagation and the supersonic flow velocity of the wind. Lower hybrid waves can energize ions normal to the interpletary magnetic field. They may occasionally be responsible for the observed temperature anisotropy in high speed streams and possibly for the acceleration of heavier ions such as the oxygen ions, alpha particles, etc. These modes are probably driven unstable by the anisotropic halos of the solar wind electron distributions exhibiting ‘heat flux’ profiles.