Effect of cold exposure on energy metabolism in the young pig

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Abstract
Twenty-four piglets were weaned at 3 weeks of age and received 615 kJ metabolizable energy/(kg body weight-day). The temperature was reduced from 29 to 25 °C by 4 weeks of age. Six pigs were exposed to cold by reducing the temperature to 10 °C by 5 weeks of age while the other six were exposed to 23 °C. These two temperatures were maintained for 3 weeks. Each week the three pigs closest to the mean weight of each group were used for measurements of heat production for 23 h by open-circuit calorimetry and glucose turnover by continuous infusion of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks of age, a sample of their intercostal muscle was used for in vitro measurement of muscle respiration, and the carcass was analyzed. There was no change in heat production, glucose turnover, and rectal temperature during the 3 weeks of cold exposure, so the data were pooled. Cold exposure increased heat production by 50%, forced mobilization of fat reserves (1000 g over the 3 weeks), and increased glucose replacement rate by 20%. The decline in rectal temperature to 37.6 from 38.8 °C could be regarded as a strategy to reduce energy needed to regulate body temperature. In the cold, heat production equalled metabolizable energy intake, but protein deposition was maintained at the same level as that in the pigs at the thermoneutral temperature, using the energy derived from the mobilization of body fat. The increase in Na+–K4 ATPase dependent respiration accounted for 70% of the increase in O2 consumption of muscle from cold-exposed pigs and thus is potentially an important component of cold-induced thermogenesis in the pig.