Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal, and application

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Abstract
This paper traces the historical evolution of the carrying capacity concept. It argues that many of the fundamental propositions of the concept were understood and articulated early in its evolution. Of particular importance was the recognition that the relationship between visitor satisfaction and use levels was dependent upon the activities in which an individual participated, and the needs or desires that activity was to fulfill. The literature reporting generally low levels of statistical association between reports of trip satisfaction and levels of encounters is reviewed critically, and a number of mediating influences on this association are suggested. Finally, it is suggested that research focused on defining “How much is too much?” is directed at the wrong issue; rather, the focus should be on the question of what kinds of resource and social conditions are appropriate and acceptable in different settings. A reformulated approach to the carrying capacity issue—the limits of acceptable change—is introduced and described.