Global environmental change and human health: a public health research agenda

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Abstract
Environmental problems, and our perceptions of their current and future health effects, have changed over the decades. About 20–40 years back, public health was most concerned about localised environmental degradation, as exemplified by air and water pollution. Although it was often difficult to measure the direct health effects, the paradigm of public health worked reasonably well to cope with these problems. As a result, some of the localised environmental problems of the 20th century have been solved, at least in the richer parts of the world.1