Characterizing the Appearance and Growth of Amyloid Plaques in APP/PS1 Mice

Top Cited Papers
Open Access
Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are primarily composed of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and are a pathological signature of Alzheimer's disease. However, the factors that influence the dynamics of amyloid plaque formation and growthin vivoare largely unknown. Using serial intravital multiphoton microscopy through a thinned-skull cranial window in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we found that amyloid plaques appear and grow over a period of weeks before reaching a mature size. Growth was more prominent early after initial plaque formation: plaques grew faster in 6-month-old compared with 10-month-old mice. Plaque growth rate was also size-related, as smaller plaques exhibited more rapid growth relative to larger plaques. Alterations in interstitial Aβ concentrations were associated with changes in plaque growth. Parallel studies using multiphoton microscopy andin vivomicrodialysis revealed that pharmacological reduction of soluble extracellular Aβ by as little as 20–25% was associated with a dramatic decrease in plaque formation and growth. Furthermore, this small reduction in Aβ synthesis was sufficient to reduce amyloid plaque load in 6-month-old but not 10-month-old mice, suggesting that treatment early in disease pathogenesis may be more effective than later treatment. In contrast to thinned-skull windows, no significant plaque growth was observed under open-skull windows, which demonstrated extensive microglial and astrocytic activation. Together, these findings indicate that individual amyloid plaque growthin vivooccurs over a period of weeks and may be influenced by interstitial Aβ concentration as well as reactive gliosis.