Lead in deciduous teeth of children living in a non-ferrous smelter area and a rural area of the FRG

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Abstract
Lead concentrations were measured in the deciduous teeth (incisors) of 302 children living in a lead-smelter area in the FRG (Stolberg, Rheinland) and of 86 children living in a nonpolluted rural area (Gummersbach, Bergisches Land). Blood lead levels were determined in 83 of the children living in the lead smelter area. On average, tooth lead levels of children living in the smelter area (mean: 6.0 μg/g; range: 1.49–38.5 μg/g) were significantly higher than those of children living in the rural area (mean: 3.9 μg/g; range: 1.6–9.4 μg/g). Blood lead levels were 6.8–33.8 μg/100 ml (mean: 14.3 μg/100 ml). Children of lead workers had on average higher tooth lead and blood lead levels than children of people who were not lead-workers. Tooth lead levels increased with increasing duration of residence in the lead-smelter area and with the degree of local environmental pollution by lead, as indicated by the lead content of the atmospheric dust fall-out around the children's homes. The correlation coefficient of tooth lead vs blood lead was 0.47. The intra-individual variability of tooth lead levels was low (r=0.86), and tooth lead levels of brothers and sisters were similar (r=0.75), suggesting that tooth lead may be used as a representative and reliable indicator of long-term lead exposure.