Abstract
The ecology of living lingulids is reviewed. Occurrences are noted of fossil shells of Lingula lying vertically, with their anterior ends uppermost, to the bedding-planes of various sediments. These shells are considered to be in the burrowing position adopted by the animals during life. In the Top Hosie Shale, Kilsyth, there is a palaeoecological association of burrowing animals, vertical shells of Lingula squamiformis being associated with shells of the burrowing lamellibranchs, Nuculopsis gibbosa and Sanguinolites costellatus. Two shells of L. squamiformis from this horizon show what is probably the pyritized infilling of the pedicle tube. The mode of life of fossil Lingulae is considered to have been substantially the same as that of living lingulids.

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