Characterization of a carbocyanine derivative as a fluorescent penetration probe

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Abstract
The fluorescent carbocyanine dye 3,3-diheptyloxycarbocyanine [DiOC7(3)], originally described as a membrane potential probe, penetrates poorly into multicell spheroids. Since the dye is retained in the cells following spheroid disaggregation, cells can be selected from different depths within the spheroid using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Characterization of the binding kinetics, stability, and toxicity of this probe were undertaken, and intercompared with Hoechst 33342. The optimum drug dose for achieving good separation of internal and external cells of spheroids is about tenfold lower than for Hoechst 33342, and like Hoechst, DiOC7(3) is toxic at concentrations at least tenfold higher than those required to produce a good gradient for cell separation. When cells are removed from the stain, cellular fluorescence decreases to half the initial intensity within 2 hours; however, unlike Hoechst, the carbocyanine dye does not transfer between cells.