Net-targeted mutant mice develop a vascular phenotype and up-regulate egr-1

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Abstract
The ternary complex factors (TCFs) Net, Elk‐1 and Sap‐1 regulate immediate early genes through serum response elements (SREs) in vitro, but, surprisingly, their in vivo roles are unknown. Net is a repressor that is expressed in sites of vasculogenesis during mouse development. We have made gene‐targeted mice that express a hypomorphic mutant of Net, Netδ, which lacks the Ets DNA‐binding domain. Strikingly, homozygous mutant mice develop a vascular defect and up‐regulate an immediate early gene implicated in vascular disease, egr‐1. They die after birth due to respiratory failure, resulting from the accumulation of chyle in the thoracic cage (chylothorax). The mice have dilated lymphatic vessels (lymphangiectasis) as early as E16.5. Interestingly, they express more egr‐1 in heart and pulmonary arteries at E18.5. Net negatively regulates the egr‐1 promoter and binds specifically to SRE‐5. Egr‐1 has been associated with pathologies involving vascular stenosis (e.g. atherosclerosis), and here egr‐1 dysfunction could possibly be associated with obstructions that ultimately affect the lymphatics. These results show that Net is involved in vascular biology and egr‐1 regulation in vivo.