Three-dimensional cinematographic analysis of water polo throwing in elite performers

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Abstract
Thirteen members of the United States Men's Water Polo Team were filmed using two synchronized cam eras while shooting at a goal. Three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the throwers' shoulder, elbow, wrist, and the ball were used to estimate elbow angle, elbow angular velocity, and ball velocity at release. Ball release velocities ranged from 14.5 to 25.8 m/sec, with peak elbow angular velocities averaging 1137°/sec. Peak elbow angular velocity typically was reached just prior (x = 28 msec) to release as the elbow approached full extension. Results are significant in establishing the efficacy of 3D techniques in evaluating throwing me chanics and may prove useful in: (1) identifying char acteristics of superior performers, (2) assessing differ ences in throwing technique between injured and non- injured populations, and (3) providing a kinematic data base for further studies of throwing kinetics and poten tial injury mechanisms.

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