Regulatory elements in the first intron of the mouse ha‐ras gene

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Abstract
The Ha‐ras gene is one of the three oncogenes (Ha‐ras, Ki‐ras, and N‐ras) of the ras superfamily of small G proteins. The p21ras proteins encoded by the ras genes are key proteins involved in the transduction of signals from membrane receptor‐tyrosine kinases to downstream targets. The ras genes seem to play a ubiquitous role in the control of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. At the same time, ras genes may perform specific differentiated functions in certain cell types. Little is known about the regulation of expression of the Ha‐ras gene. The first intron of the Ha‐ras gene has been reported to be highly conserved between human and rodent. We investigated the role that this intron may play in the regulation of expression of Ha‐ras. The promoter region of the Ha‐ras gene exhibits characteristics of a housekeeping gene. Deletion analysis shows the existence of an enhancer‐type element in the 5′ region of the first intron (intron 0). DNase I footprinting experiments reveal five sites that interact with nuclear proteins from fibroblast and epithelial cell lines. Deletion and site‐directed mutagenesis of three of these sites show that two are involved in a positive effect and one in a negative effect on the regulation of expression of the mouse Ha‐ras gene. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.