Capillary Inlet Systems for Gas Chromatographic Trace Analysis

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Abstract
Sampling techniques for trace analysis by open-tubular (capillary) gas chromatography (GC) can be divided into two categories. Direct injection of liquid samples includes cold on-column, programmed-temperature vaporization (PTV), and splitless sampling. These techniques can be highly accurate and precise, but yield detection limits that are constrained by detector sensitivities in combination with limited tolerance for large sample sizes. Selective injection techniques can produce significant improvements in minimum detectable amounts by preseparation and preconcentration of target solutes. Equilibrium headspace sampling, purge-and-trap sampling, and solvent-purged PTV reduce interfering solvent and matrix effects while giving improved analytical sensitivities. Liquid chromatographic (LC) preseparation techniques are also effective in isolating trace-level solutes from complex sample matrices.

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