Human laryngeal responses to auditory stimulation

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Abstract
In spite of various claims for the presence and functional significance of brainstem reflexes in phonatory control, very little is known about these reflexes in humans. Auditory-laryngeal reflexes were studied in human subjects during sustained phonation. Subjects (14) sustained phonation at constant voice pitch and voice intensity while receiving auditory stimulation with clicks of different intensity levels. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the cricothyroid muscle were obtained in 2 of the subjects. The voice signal was transduced with a throat microphone and bandpass filtered to isolate the fundamental frequency (FO). The filtered signal was fed to a frequency meter, which yielded a voltage proportional to FO. This FO voltage and the rectified EMG were signal averaged relative to the click. Short-latency changes in FO (50 ms) and in cricothyroid EMG (11 ms) were observed in response to auditory stimulation. The magnitude of the EMG and FO responses were well correlated with each other and with the intensity of the stimulus. The EMG response did not habituate with repeated stimulation. The neuromuscular origins of the auditory-laryngeal reflexes and their significance to phonatory control are discussed.