Availability of phosphate and potassium as the result of interactions between root and soil in the rhizosphere

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Abstract
A number of findings are summarized in order to show the significance of individual plant properties and soil factors on the availability of phosphate and potassium to plants growing in soil.The flux of a nutrient into a given plant root depends directly on the concentration of the nutrient in the adjacent solution. In nutrient solution, P and K influx follows Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Almost maximum rates of influx have been observed in the range of soil solution concentrations usually found in German arable soils. Roots exhaust P and K from solutions to about 0.2 μmol P and 1 μmol K 1−1 if not replenished.At the root surface P and K concentrations in soil decrease rapidly within one day; small changes occur after this period. Initially, the extent of the depletion zone is very small but it extends radially with time. After the initial phase therefore, P and K supply to the plant depends on transport from more remote parts of the soil and also on release from undissolved sources.The degree of depletion and the extent of the depletion zone are related to the diffusion coefficient; they decrease with increasing clay content of soil. Root hairs penetrate the soil and extend the volume of soil supplying nutrients to a unit of root. P and K influx therefore increase with the length of root hairs.Proton release of roots mobilize P and K in soil. This is clearly detected by the HCl‐soluble P and K fractions within 2 mm of the root surface.The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases strongly increase in the soil in the vicinity of the root surface of several plant species. It is supposed that organic P compounds can therefore be utilized by plants.P and K influx per unit of root length and root length per unit of shoot weight differed widely between species. The product of these two parameters however was closely related to the P and K concentration of the shoots.Calculations from a mathematical model were in good agreement with measured K depletion profiles and K uptake by plants. It is therefore concluded that the main factors influencing the P and K availability of plants growing in soil have been accounted for in the mathematical model and that the parameters have been accurately measured.