Design Of Grazing Incidence Monochromators Involving Unconventional Gratings

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Abstract
The manufacture of varied line space (VLS) gratings was pioneered by Harada and co-workers of Japan, and Gerasimov and co-workers in the Soviet Union. Ruling engines were modified to allow the groove spacing to vary in a continuous manner, the grooves often remaining straight and parallel. This type of grating can also be obtained in the United States from Perkin Elmer Co. of Irvine, CA. Other VLS gratings involving fan shaped or concentric grooves have been developed by these groups and Hyperfine, Inc. of Boulder, CO. Monochromators using VLS for the UV and higher energy regions have been developed by Hettrick. We review the basic aspects of second order focusing of straight and parallel grooved varied line space gratings in both converging and collimated light in a more explicit and detailed manner that we have found in the literature. The effects of the VLS correction to the location of the focal curve for grazing incidence geometries are found to be very significant.

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