Dissection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry with Neutralizing Antibodies to gp41 Fusion Intermediates

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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry requires conformational changes in the transmembrane subunit (gp41) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) involving transient fusion intermediates that contain exposed coiled-coil (prehairpin) and six-helix bundle structures. We investigated the HIV-1 entry mechanism and the potential of antibodies targeting fusion intermediates to block Env-mediated membrane fusion. Suboptimal temperature (31.5°C) was used to prolong fusion intermediates as monitored by confocal microscopy. After transfer to 37°C, these fusion intermediates progressed to syncytium formation with enhanced kinetics compared with effector-target (E/T) cell mixtures that were incubated only at 37°C. gp41 peptides DP-178, DP-107, and IQN17 blocked fusion more efficiently (5- to 10-fold-lower 50% inhibitory dose values) when added to E/T cells at the suboptimal temperature prior to transfer to 37°C. Rabbit antibodies against peptides modeling the N-heptad repeat or the six-helix bundle of gp41 blocked fusion and viral infection at 37°C only if preincubated with E/T cells at the suboptimal temperature. Similar fusion inhibition was observed with human six-helix bundle-specific monoclonal antibodies. Our data demonstrate that antibodies targeting gp41 fusion intermediates are able to bind to gp41 and arrest fusion. They also indicate that six-helix bundles can form prior to fusion and that the lag time before fusion occurs may include the time needed to accumulate preformed six-helix bundles at the fusion site.