Gargoylism: hydrolysis of β-galactosides and tissue accumulation of galactose- and mannose-containing compounds

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Abstract
The sugars present in hydrolyzed extracts of human liver and brain were analyzed by gasliquid chromatography after conversion to their alditol acetates. The samples analyzed were obtained from control subjects, patients with gargoylism, and patients with a few other kinds of storage disorders. Accumulation of galactose was demonstrated in the liver and the brain of two patients with gargoylism, and in the liver samples, high levels of mannose were found too. We also studied the hydrolysis of a number of galactosides by homogenates from different tissues in the control subjects and in the patients. Separation methods and kinetic studies demonstrated the presence in normal human tissues of two different β-galactosidases, which we call enzyme A and enzyme B, respectively. Enzyme A hydrolyzed all the β-galactosides tested. Enzyme B hydrolyzed the synthetic substrates tested (4-methylumbelliferyl-, p-nitrophenyl-, o-nitrophenyl-, and phenyl-β-galactoside) but not the natural substrates tested (ceramide-β-galactoside, ceramide lactoside, transferrin glycopeptide, and keratan sulfate). Enzyme B also exerted β-glucosidase activity. In various tissues from patients with gargoylism, deficiency of β-galactosidase A could be demonstrated. It is suggested that the high level of galactose found in the hydrolyzed extracts of tissues from gargoylism patients is due to storage of galactose-rich glycosaminoglycans and glycopeptides, and that this storage is a result of the deficiency of β-galactosidase A. The high level of mannose in the liver from gargoylism patients seems to indicate storage of glycopeptide, adding a new group of substances to those known to be stored in gargoylism.

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