Initial Steps of Signal Generation in Photoactive Yellow Protein Revealed with Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

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Abstract
Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a bacterial blue light sensor that induces Halorhodospirahalophila to swim away from intense blue light. Light absorption by PYP's intrinsic chromophore, p-coumaric acid, leads to the initiation of a photocycle that comprises several distinct intermediates. Here we describe the initial structural changes of the chromophore and its nearby amino acids, using visible pump/mid-infrared probe spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation, the trans bands of the chromophore are bleached, and shifts of the phenol ring bands occur. The latter are ascribed to charge translocation, which probably plays an essential role in driving the trans to cis isomerization process. We conclude that breaking of the hydrogen bond of the chromophore's CO group with amino acid Cys69 and formation of a stable cis ground state occur in ∼2 ps. Dynamic changes also include rearrangements of the hydrogen-bonding network of the amino acids around the chromophore. Relaxation of the coumaryl tail of the chromophore occurs in 0.9−1 ns, which event we identify with the I0 to I1 transition observed in visible spectroscopy.