Torsion in persons with no known eye defect.

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Abstract
Since Listing and Donders the problem of torsional eye movements has shown a sporadic out-cropping in psychological literature. No norms for the direction or amt. of torsion have been established, and current opinion is confused. In the present study norms are established for 104[female] naval-science students testing 20-20 vision and having no known eye defect. The direction of torsion to be expected is a disclination at the top of the vertical meridians of the eyes relative to the medial plane, except at extreme positions of elevation below horizontal and with a small amount of convergence; in this position the torsion is reversed. The theoretical value of torsion for any combination of the 2 variables, as derived from the obtained means, is expressed by the equation, Z = + .00573x2 + .0000ly2 + .00148xy + .07029x + .0028y + .06876 in which Z is the torsion in degrees for each eye, x degrees of convergence, and y degrees of elevation above (plus) or below (minus) horizontal.

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