Involvement of MPK4 in osmotic stress response pathways in cell suspensions and plantlets of Arabidopsis thaliana: activation by hypoosmolarity and negative role in hyperosmolarity tolerance

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Abstract
Three of the protein kinases activated by hypoosmotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions were previously characterized [FEBS, 2002, 527, 43–50] as mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases and two of them corresponded to Arabidopsis mitogen‐activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) (44 kDa) and MPK3 (39 kDa). The third MAP kinase was identified here to MPK4, using a corresponding specific antibody. Like MPK6 and MPK3, MPK4 activity is clearly inhibited by apigenin and MPK4 activation by hypoosmolarity needs upstream phosphorylation events. Activation of the 3 MAP kinases, MPK3, 4 and 6, was confirmed in plantlets submitted to hypoosmotic stress. The action of a biotic signal, flagellin, was also demonstrated to induce the activations of the 3 MAP kinases. Using the mutant displaying MPK4 gene inactivation, the independence of the MPK3 and MPK6 activations towards the presence of MPK4 was demonstrated, both in hypoosmotic and flagellin signalling pathways. Although MPK4 was not activated by hyperosmolarity in cell suspensions nor in seedlings, a possible negative regulation of hyperosmolarity resistance by MPK4 is suggested, based both on phenotype and downstream gene expression studies.