11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Types 1 and 2: An Important Pharmacokinetic Determinant for the Activity of Synthetic Mineralo- and Glucocorticoids

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Abstract
The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) system plays a pivotal role in glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid (MC) action. Although 11β-HSD activities are important determinants for the efficacy of synthetic MCs and GCs, corresponding pharmacokinetic data are scanty. Therefore, we characterized 11β-HSD profiles for a wide range of steroids often used in clinical practice. 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 were selectively examined in 1) human liver and kidney cortex microsomes, and 2) Chinese hamster ovarian cells stably transfected with 11β-HSD1 or 11β-HSD2 expression vectors. Both systems produced concordant evidence for the following conclusions.Oxidation of steroids by 11β-HSD2 is diminished if they are fluorinated in position 6α or 9α (e.g. in dexamethasone) or methylated at 2α or 6α (in methylprednisolone) or 16α or 16β, by a methylene group at 16 (in prednylidene), methyloxazoline at 16, 17 (in deflazacort), or a 2-chlor configuration. Whereas the methyl groups also decrease reductase activity (steric effects), fluorination increases reductase activity (negative inductive effect), leading to a shift to reductase activity. This may explain the strong MC activity of 9α-fluorocortisol and should be considered in GC therapy directed to 11β-HSD2-expressing tissues (kidney, colon, and placentofetal unit). 11β-HSD2 oxidation of prednisolone is more effective than that of cortisol, explaining the reduced MC activity of prednisolone compared with cortisol.Reduction by 11β-HSD1 is diminished by 16α-methyl, 16β-methyl, 2α-methyl, and 2-chlor substitution, whereas it is increased by the Δ1-dehydro configuration in prednisone, resulting in higher hepatic first pass activation of prednisone compared with cortisone.To characterize a GC or a MC as substrate for the different 11βHSDs may be essential for an optimized steroid therapy.

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