Hypoxia-activated ligand HAL-1/13 is lupus autoantigen Ku80 and mediates lymphoid cell adhesion in vitro

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Abstract
Hypoxia is known to induce extravasation of lymphocytes and leukocytes during ischemic injury and increase the metastatic potential of malignant lymphoid cells. We have recently identified a new adhesion molecule, hypoxia-activated ligand-1/13 (HAL-1/13), that mediates the hypoxia-induced increases in lymphocyte and neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and hypoxia-mediated invasion of endothelial cell monolayers by tumor cells. In this report, we used expression cloning to identify this molecule as the lupus antigen and DNA-dependent protein kinase-associated nuclear protein, Ku80. The HAL-1/13-Ku80 antigen is present on the surface of leukemic and solid tumor cell lines, including T and B lymphomas, myeloid leukemias, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and breast carcinoma cells. Transfection and ectopic expression of HAL-1/13-Ku80 on (murine) NIH/3T3 fibroblasts confers the ability of these normally nonadhesive cells to bind to a variety of human lymphoid cell lines. This adhesion can be specifically blocked by HAL-1/13 or Ku80-neutralizing antibodies. Loss of expression variants of these transfectants simultaneously lost their adhesive properties toward human lymphoid cells. Hypoxic exposure of tumor cell lines resulted in upregulation of HAL-1/13-Ku80 expression at the cell surface, mediated by redistribution of the antigen from the nucleus. These studies indicate that the HAL-1/13-Ku80 molecule may mediate, in part, the hypoxia-induced adhesion of lymphocytes, leukocytes, and tumor cells.

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