Esophageal Motor Dysfunction

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Abstract
The esophagus may be affected by such primary disorders as achalasia and diffuse spasm or by diseases that primarily affect other parts of the body, such as scleroderma. Primary esophageal disorders have been described elsewhere in this symposium. This review will be limited to a discussion of esophageal motor dysfunction associated with systemic diseases. The systemic disorders known to be associated with esophageal motor dysfunction can be classified broadly under four major categories as follows: (1) connective tissue diseases, (2) metabolic and endocrine disorders, (3) neural, neuromuscular, and primary muscular diseases, and (4) miscellaneous conditions. Each of these categories can be subdivided as follows: Connective tissue diseases Scleroderma1-32 Systemic lupus erythematosus11,33,34 Polymyositis, dermatomyositis32,34 Rheumatoid arthritis34,35 Raynaud phenomenon36 "Overlap" collagen syndromes32-36 Metabolic and endocrine disorders Diabetes mellitus37-43 Thyrotoxicosis Myxedema44 Amyloidosis45-47 Metabolic acidosis, alkalosis, and electrolyte abnormalities17 Alcoholism48-5282 Neural, neuromuscular, and primary

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