Degenerative joint disease in hunter–gatherers and agriculturalists from the Southeastern United States

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Abstract
This study examines degenerative joint disease of the major appendicular joints in hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists from northwestern Alabama. Arthritis is highest at the shoulder, elbow, and knee and lower at the hip and ankle. There are virtually no sex differences in the hunter‐gatherer group, but in the agriculturalists, males have more severe osteoarthritis than females. The hunters‐gatherers have a somewhat greater prevalence of arthritis than the agriculturalists, but the differences are rarely significant. The similarity in osteoarthritis levels over time conflicts with biomechanical evidence, which indicates an increase in usual activities in the agricultural period. Several possible reasons for this are explored, including the suggestion that arthritis is a response to intensive or infrequent activities. Whatever the cause, it is clear that biomechanical data and osteoarthritis are responding to different factors and do not equally represent the level of usual activities.

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