Neural network model of visual cortex for determining surface curvature from images of shaded surfaces

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Abstract
The visual system can extract information about shape from the pattern of light and dark surface shading on an object. Very little is known about how this is accomplished. We have used a learning algorithm to construct a neural network model that computes the principal curvatures and orientation of elliptic paraboloids independently of the illumination direction. Our chief finding is that receptive fields developed by units of such model network are surprisingly similar to some found in the visual cortex. It appears that neurons that can make use of the continuous gradations of shading have receptive fields similar to those previously interpreted as dealing with contours (i.e. `bar' detectors or `edge' detectors). This study illustrates the difficulty of deducing neuronal function within a network solely from receptive fields. It is also important to consider the pattern of connections a neuron makes with subsequent stages, which we call the `projective field'.