Health and well‐being among elderly persons in Israel: The role of social class and immigration status

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Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of the study was to compare three groups of Israeli elderly that differ in social class and immigration status on measures of health and psychosocial well‐being, and assess the factors which explain their self‐rated health (SRH). Design. Based on a random sample of Israeli Jewish elderly (70 + ), data were collected from 1138 persons during 1994 by structured home interviews. Results. Social class differences among Israeli veterans were mainly found with regard to psycho‐social characteristics. They were less conspicuous in health measures. New immigrants, who had a higher level of education than the veterans, but ranked lower on economic status, reported lower levels of health and psycho‐social well‐being than the veterans. Self‐rated health among the immigrants was mainly explained by objective measures of health, and economic status, while in the higher social class of veterans it was also explained by education and psycho‐social variables such as self‐esteem and social support. Conclusions. These findings indicate that in contradiction to the convergence hypothesis, social class and immigration status affect health and well‐being also in old age. It is suggested that the immigration crisis and factors related to the standard of living and health services in the countries of origin, as well as the lower social and economic status of the immigrants in Israel, outweigh their relative advantage in age and education in influencing their health and well‐being. The differences found among the three groups in the factors that explain self‐rated health have implications for the use of economic status as a relevant indicator of social class when considering health status among the elderly, and for the interpretation of SRH, as a global measure of health, in different socio‐cultural groups.