Vitamin Trials and Cancer: What went Wrong?

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Abstract
The adverse and contradictory results of recent intervention trials are little understood. The reason for this may be that the trials were designed on mistaken premises. The drugs-testing paradigm was adopted, and no consideration was given to the nature of nutrients. Nutrients do not act in isolation, unlike drugs. They are dependent on synthetic action for their proper effects. This can lead to paradoxes, knowledge of which must be incorporated in the design of a good intervention trial. Dose, isomeric form, diet, nutrient biochemistry, genetic population difference and the use of exact bio-markers, are all key considerations in the design of a good trial. More precise screening for effective chemo-preventative and therapeutic agents is urged and a new 'nutrient paradigm' trial protocol, taken from the new field of 'nutraceuticals', with a relatively active placebo arm, is proposed.