Calpains and cytokines in fibrillating human atria

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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is accompanied by intracellular calcium overload. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of calcium-dependent calpains and cytokines during AF. Atrial tissue samples from 32 patients [16 with chronic AF and 16 in sinus rhythm (SR)] undergoing open heart surgery were studied. Atrial expression of calpain I and II, calpastatin, troponin T (TnT), troponin C (TnC), and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and tumor necrosis factor-α] were determined. Expression of calpain I was increased during AF (461 ± 201% vs. 100 ± 34%, P < 0.05). Amounts of calpain II and calpastatin were unchanged. Total calpain enzymatic activity was more than doubled during AF (35.2 ± 17.7 vs. 12.4 ± 9.2 units, P < 0.05). In contrast to TnC, TnT levels were reduced in fibrillating atria by 26% (P < 0.05), corresponding to the myofilament disintegration seen by electron microscopy. Small amounts of only IL-2 and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein were detected regardless of the underlying cardiac rhythm. In conclusion, atria of patients with permanent AF show evidence of calpain I activation that might contribute to structural remodeling and contractile dysfunction, whereas there is no evidence of activation of tissue cytokines.

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