Katheterablation bei persistierendem Vorhofflimmern
- 18 February 2015
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Springer Nature in Herz
- Vol. 40 (1) , 31-36
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4204-8
Abstract
Während sich bei der Katheterablation von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern (VHF) Erfolgsraten von bis zu 80% erzielen lassen, sind die Erfolgsraten der Ablation des persistierenden VHF signifikant geringer. Eine Begründung liegt, neben der bereits erfolgten Progression der Erkrankung, im inkompletten Verständnis dieser Arrhythmie. Auf der Basis der möglichen pathophysiologischen Mechanismen („Multiple-wavelet“-Theorie, fokale Trigger aus den Pulmonalvenen, Rotoren) haben sich verschiedene Ablationskonzepte entwickelt, von denen heute vor allem die Pulmonalvenenisolation (PVI), der „stepwise approach“ (PVI, Ablation fraktionierter Elektrogramme und Linienablation) sowie Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT)- und rotorbasierte Ablationskonzepte Anwendung finden. Die Katheterablation des persistierenden VHF ist dennoch eine etablierte „Second-line“-Therapie und als solche einer weiteren antiarrhythmischen Therapie überlegen. Jedoch sollten Faktoren wie die Dauer des persistierenden VHF, das Vorhandensein einer strukturellen Herzerkrankung sowie der Dilatationsgrad des linken Atriums die Entscheidung über eine Ablation beeinflussen. Catheter ablation is an established treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In paroxysmal AF ablation, pulmonary vein isolation alone is a well-defined procedural endpoint, leading to success rates of up to 80% with multiple procedures over 5 years of follow-up. The success rate in persistent AF ablation is significantly more limited. This is partly due to the rudimentary understanding of the substrate maintaining persistent AF. Three main pathophysiological concepts for this arrhythmia exist: the multiple wavelet hypothesis, the concept of focal triggers, mainly located in the pulmonary veins and the rotor hypothesis. However, the targets and endpoints of persistent AF ablation are ill-defined and there is no consensus on the optimal ablation strategy in these patients. Based on these concepts, several ablation approaches for persistent AF have emerged: pulmonary vein isolation, the stepwise approach (i.e. pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of fractionated electrograms and linear ablation), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and rotor-based approaches. Currently, persistent AF ablation is a second-line therapy option to restore and maintain sinus rhythm. Several factors, such as the presence of structural heart disease, duration of persistent AF and dilatation and possibly also the degree of fibrosis of the left atrium should influence the decision to perform persistent AF ablation.Keywords
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