Catecholamine-Induced Vascular Wall Growth Is Dependent on Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

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Abstract
α1-Adrenoceptor–dependent proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is strongly augmented by vascular injury, and may contribute to intimal growth and lumen loss. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased by injury and have been implicated as second messengers in proliferation of VSMCs, we investigated the role of ROS in catecholamine-induced VSMC growth. Rat aortae were isolated 4 days after balloon injury, maintained in organ culture under circumferential wall tension, and exposed to agents for 48 hours. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 10 mmol/L) and Tiron (5 mmol/L) and the flavin-inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI, 20 μmol/L) abolished norepinephrine-induced increases in protein synthesis and DNA content in media. In aortic sections, norepinephrine augmented ROS production (dihydroethidium confocal microscopy), which was dose-dependently inhibited by NAC, Tiron, and DPI. In cultured VSMCs, phenylephrine caused time- and dose-dependent ROS generation (aconitase activity), had similar efficacy to thrombin (1 U/mL), and was eliminated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic Mn-(III)-tetrakis-(4-benzoic-acid)-porphyrin-chloride (200 μmol/L) and Tiron. Phenylephrine-induced ROS production and increases in DNA and protein content were blocked by prazosin (0.3 μmol/L) and abolished in p47phox−/− cells. PEG-SOD (25 U/mL) had little effect, whereas PEG-catalase (50 U/mL) eliminated phenylephrine-induced proliferation in VSMCs. DPI (10 μmol/L) and apocynin (30 μmol/L) abolished phenylephrine-stimulated mitogenesis, whereas inhibitors of other intracellular ROS sources had not effect. Furthermore, PE increased p47phox expression (RT-PCR). These data demonstrate that the trophic effect of catecholamines on vascular wall cells is dependent on a ROS-sensitive step that we hypothesize consists of activation of the NAD(P)H-dependent vascular oxidase.