Fermi levels in solution

Abstract
The conventional concept that there is a so-called Fermi level for electronic states in solution which can be identified with the reversible potential on the vacuum scale of a redox couple present in solution (and in equilibrium with an electrode therein) is not valid. The inner potential of the solution phase should be added to the redox potential (on the vacuum scale) to achieve identity (at equilibrium) with the Fermi level energy of the electron in the metal to that in the solution.

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