During 6 months of treatment, we measured human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–1 virus loads, CD4 T cell counts, and immune activation markers, in 111 HIV-1–infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). The median virus load (baseline, 5.58 log10 copies/mL) significantly increased at 1 month (5.71 log10 copies/mL), then returned to near-baseline levels at 3 months (5.40 log10 copies/mL) and at 6 months (5.36 log10 copies/mL). In contrast, the median CD4 counts increased at 1 month (186/mm3), at 3 months (238/mm3), and at 6 months (239/mm3). CD4 counts and virus loads did not change during therapy. Expression of CD38 and HLA-DR remained high throughout treatment, whereas plasma levels of interleukin-6 decreased over time