Induction of Interleukin-12 and Gamma Interferon Requires Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha for Protective T1-Cell-Mediated Immunity to PulmonaryCryptococcus neoformansInfection

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Abstract
The development of T1-cell-mediated immunity is required to clear a pulmonaryCryptococcus neoformansinfection. The objective of these studies was to determine the mechanism by which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) augments the development of pulmonary T1 immunity toC. neoformansinfection. TNF-α expression was detected in lavage sample cells at days 2, 3, and 7 followingC. neoformansinfection. The numbers of CFU in the lung were not different between control and anti-TNF-α-treated mice at any time point examined during the afferent phase of the response (days 0 to 7). However, neutralization of TNF-α prevented the initiation of pulmonary clearance during the efferent phase of the response (day 14). Administration of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (day 0) diminished the lung levels of TNF-α, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induced byC. neoformansat day 7 postinfection. Neutralization of TNF-α (day 0) also altered the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in the lung-associated lymph nodes at day 7 followingC. neoformansinfection. Anti-TNF-α-treated mice developed a pulmonary eosinophilia at day 14 postinfection. Consistent with the pulmonary eosinophilia, anti-TNF-α-treated mice exhibited elevated serum immunoglobulin E and inhibition of the anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity response, indicating a shift toward a T2 response. Neutralization of IL-12 also prevented lung leukocyte production of IFN-γ in response to the infection. These findings demonstrate that afferent-phase TNF-α production is essential for the induction of IL-12 and IFN-γ and neutralization of early TNF-α results in a T2 shift of the T1/T2 balance of antifungal immunity.

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