INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH AND SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING SWINE

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Abstract
A factorial design with three levels of calcium, three levels of phosphorus, two breeds and both sexes (72 pigs) was employed to study calcium and phosphorus deficiencies and imbalances in swine fed from 22 kg to 90 kg. Dietary levels of both minerals were 50, 100 and 150% of National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC) recommendations (1968). Data relating to performance and skeletal development were evaluated. Extreme Ca:P ratios in the diet impaired both performance and skeletal development. All changes were minimal if low levels of either element were accompanied by a Ca:P ratio near 1.25:1. Low calcium–high phosphorus rations resulted in parathyroid enlargement, reduced bone mass, increased numbers of osteoclasts and fibrous replacement of bone. In animals fed high calcium–low phosphorus rations, hypophosphatemia, reduced bone ash and overgrowth of epiphyseal plates were observed. Deviation of the nasal septum occurred but was not related to dietary levels of calcium or phosphorus. Levels of calcium and phosphorus presently recommended by NAS–NRC were consistent with optimal performance and adequate skeletal development.

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