Acoustic Volume-Scattering Measurements at 3.5, 5.0, and 12.0 kHz in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Diurnal and Seasonal Variations

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Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal acoustic volume‐scattering data obtained with directional transducers at 3.5, 5.0, and 12.0 kHz from a deep‐water area in the Eastern Pacific are presented. Results are shown graphically as volume‐scattering strength versus depth and also as column‐scattering strength. Comparisons from day to day, night to night, day to night, and from season to season indicate that: (1) Scattering‐strength profiles do not change appreciably from one day to the next or from one night to the next. (2) Day‐to‐night changes in scattering profiles occur mainly within the upper 350 yd of ocean. Large day‐to‐night changes in scattering strength at a particular depth may not be evident in changes of column strength. (3) Seasonal changes affect 5.0‐kHz sound scattering more than 3.5 or 12.0 kHz. Nighttime profiles at 5.0 kHz during March show a strong near‐surface scattering layer having a maximum scattering strength of −58 dB and a column strength of −42 dB. Change of season affects the magnitude of the daytime scattering profiles at 3.5 kHz and the thickness of the deep scattering layer at 5.0 kHz. Seasonal observations at 12.0 kHz indicate negligible dependence upon season.

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